Foreign degree equivalence in India: UGC 2025 regulations, AIU framework, and what they actually cover

The UGC Equivalence Regulations 2025 took over from AIU as primary equivalence-issuing authority for academic foreign degrees in April 2025. Medicine, pharmacy, nursing, law, and architecture remain outside the framework. The operational reality of dual-system transition, when equivalence is and isn’t required, and what returnees should plan procedurally.